Showing posts with label Liberation Theology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Liberation Theology. Show all posts

Wednesday, March 17, 2010

SOS to Pope Benedict XVI












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Below article/letter was forwarded to me by a Spanish friend. It is an interesting piece written by a prominent Egyptian Jesuit concerned about the anachronism, dogmatism, etc. of the Catholic Church.

Father Boulad raised issues that greatly bugged the honestly critical minds of Catholic churchmen and laymen during the 1960s period of Vatican Council 2, which was initiated by one of the greatest popes (to me) Pope John XXIII. The refreshing openness of that time was removed by charisma-laden but very conservative Pope Paul II.
Very bright and intellectually progressive during his younger years as a staff for a German Bishop,  Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) was rattled by student activism/revolts of the 1960s and turned the already shy and emotionally insecure priest into a, conservative intellectual behind the late Pope Paul II. Later promoted as Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (previously aka Holy Office), then Cardinal Ratzinger influenced the latter to have the teaching license of his former friend/colleague, the radical/dissident theologian Father Hans Kung revoked and thus effectively had Kung removed from the University of Tubingen; and he influenced Paul II to speak against Liberation Theology widely  practiced in Latin America.

Both Pope Benedict XVI and his predecessor Pope Paul II are in essence catholic fundamentalists; however the latter projects a "feel good" personality comparable to Ronald Reagan's which Benedict does not have.





I think Fr. Boulad's exercise is futile.

I used the Google translator and did not do any editing.

- Bert

“I respect faith, but doubt is what gets you an EDUCATION.” -  Wilson Mizner,  1876-1933, American Author 


“The more powerful and original a mind, the more it will incline towards the RELIGION of solitude.” - Aldous Huxley, 1894-1963, British Author
“Religion is excellent stuff for keeping common people quiet.”-  Napoleon Bonaparte









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Henri Boulad, an Egyptian Jesuit, is launching an SOS in a letter to Pope
The most prominent Egyptian Jesuit Church in intellectual areas, Henri Boulad, launches an SOS to the Church today in a letter to Benedict XVI. The letter was forwarded through the Nuncio in Cairo. The text circulated in media worldwide church.

Holy Father:
I dare to speak directly to you, because my heart bleeds to see the abyss into which our Church is precipitating. Subsidiary will excuse my frankness, both inspired by "freedom of the sons of God" to which St. Paul calls us, and my passionate love for the Church.


I also apologize for the alarmist tone of this letter because I think that "are less five" and that the situation can not wait.


Let me introduce myself first. Jesuit Egyptian-Lebanese Melkite rite, will soon be 78 years. For three years I was rector of the Jesuit College in Cairo, having held the following positions: superior of the Jesuits in Alexandria, regional superior of the Jesuits in Egypt, a professor of theology at Cairo, director of Caritas-Egypt vice president of Caritas Internationalis Middle East and North Africa.


I know very well the Catholic hierarchy in Egypt for many years and I participated in its meetings as President of the superiors of religious institutes in Egypt. I have very close relationships with each of them, some of whom are former students of mine. Furthermore, I personally know Chenouda Pope III, whom she saw often. As for the Catholic hierarchy in Europe, I had occasion to meet personally many times with one of its members, as Cardinal Koenig, Cardinal Schönborn, Cardinal Martini, Cardinal Danneels, Archbishop Kothgasser, diocesan bishops and Kapellari Küng, the other Austrian bishops and other bishops from other European countries.These meetings occur during my annual trips to lecture in Europe: Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, France, Belgium ... In these journeys I address many different audiences and the media (newspapers, radios, TVs ...). I do the same in Egypt and the Middle East.


I have visited almost fifty countries on four continents and have published some thirty books in fifteen languages, especially French, Arabic, Hungarian and German. Of the thirteen books in this language, you may have read "Gottessöhne, Gottestöchter" [Sons and daughters of God], he sent his friend Fr Erich Fink of Bavaria.I say this not to brag, but to say simply that my intentions are based on real knowledge of the universal Church and its current status in 2009.


I return to the reason for this letter, try to be as brief, clear and objective manner. First, a few observations (the list is not exhaustive):


* 1. Religious practice is in constant declineA dwindling number of elderly people, which disappear quickly, are those that frequent the churches in Europe and Canada. There will be forced to close these churches and turn them into museums, mosques, clubs or municipal libraries, as is already done. What surprises me is that many of them are being completely renovated and modernized by large expenditures so as to attract the faithful. But this is not what will stop the exodus.


* 2. Seminaries and novitiates emptied at the same rate, and vocations plummet. The future is rather bleak and you wonder who will take over. More and more parishes are run by European priests from Asia or Africa.


* 3. Many priests leave the priesthood and the few who still exercise, whose mean age often exceeds that of retirement, have to deal with many parishes, administrative and expeditious manner. Many, both in Europe and in the Third World, cohabiting in view of its followers that normally accept them, and their bishop, who can not accept it, but given the shortage of priests.


* 4. The language of the Church is obsolete, outdated, boring, repetitive, moralizing, totally unsuited to our timesIt is not at all accommodating or demagoguery, because the message of the Gospel must be presented in all its rawness and demanding. We need greater good approaches to this "new evangelization" that Pope John Paul II invited us. But this, unlike what many think, is not to repeat the old way, which says nothing, but to innovate, to invent a new language to express faith in an appropriate manner and that has meaning for people today .


* 5. This can not be made only through a thorough renewal of theology and catechesis, to be completely rethought and reformulatedA German priest and religious who recently met told me that the word "mystic" was not mentioned even once in "The New Catechism." I could not believe. We notice that our faith is very cerebral, abstract, dogmatic, and very little goes to the heart and body.


* 6. Consequently, many Christians are turning to Asian religions, sects, new-age, evangelical churches, occultism and so forth. No wonder. They will look elsewhere for food are not at home, have the impression that we give them stones like bread. The Christian faith that once gave meaning to people's lives, is an enigma to them today, remnants of a past finished.


* 7. On the moral and ethical opinions of the Magisterium, repeated to satiety, on marriage, contraception, abortion, euthanasia, homosexuality, marriage of priests, divorced and remarried, etcetera, and do not affect anyone and only produce carelessness and indifference. All these moral and pastoral problems deserve more than categorical statements. Pastoral need of a treatment, sociological, psychological, human ... in a more evangelical line.


* 8. The Catholic Church, which was the great educator of Europe for centuries, seems to forget that Europe has reached maturityOur adult Europe does not want to be treated as minor.Paternalistic style of a Church "Mater et Magistra" is definitely outdated and no longer works today. Christians have learned to think for themselves and are not willing to swallow anything.


* 9. Catholic nations before-France, "eldest daughter of the Church" or "ultra-Catholic French Canada have a 180 º and have fallen into atheism, anticlericalism, agnosticism and indifference.In the case of other European nations, the process is underway. One can see that the more controlled and protected by the Church has been a town in the past, the stronger the reaction against it.


* 10. The dialogue with other churches and religions are in retreat today concern. The great advances made over the past half century are at stake at this time.


Faced with these facts almost devastating, the reaction of the church is twofold:- It tends to downplay the seriousness of the situation and consoling to see some pickup in its most traditional faction, and in third world countries.- Appeals to the trust in the Lord, who has held for twenty centuries and it will be able to help her overcome this new crisis, as it did with the previous ones. Does not it promise of eternal life?


I answer:- Not relying on the past or getting your crumbs as resolving the problems of today and tomorrow.- The apparent vitality of the churches in the Third World is equivocal. Apparently, these new churches will go through sooner or later by the same crisis that has seen the old European Christianity.- Modernity is irreversible and have forgotten is that the Church is today in such a crisis. The Vatican II attempted to recover four centuries later, but one gets the impression that the Church is slowly closing the doors opened then, and tempted to turn to Trent and Vatican I, rather than to Vatican III. Recall the statement of John Paul II often repeated: "There is no alternative to the Vatican II".- How much longer will play politics of the ostrich and bury our heads in the sand? How long will avoid looking at things in front? How much longer will his back, twitching against all criticism, rather than see this as an opportunity for renewal? How long ad will continue to drag on forever postponing a reform that is imposed and it has been abandoned for too long?


- Just by looking resolutely forward, not back the Church fulfill its mission of being "light of the world, salt of the earth, the leaven in the dough. However, and unfortunately today we have noticed is that the Church is in the tail of our time, having been the locomotive for centuries.- I repeat what I said at the beginning of this letter: "ARE AT LEAST FIVE!" - Fünf vor zwölf! - History does not wait, especially in our age, which is packed and the pace is accelerating.- Any commercial operation that finds a deficiency or dysfunction is reconsidered immediately, meet experts, tries to recover, mobilize all their energies to overcome the crisis.- Why the Church does the same? Why not mobilize all its forces for a living radical aggiornamento? Why?- Why laziness, carelessness, pride, lack of imagination, creativity, quietism guilty in the hope that the Lord will manage and that the Church has experienced other crises in the past?- Christ in the Gospel warns us: "The sons of darkness manage their affairs better than the children of light ..."


THEN DO ?.... The Church today has a compelling and urgent need of a triple reform:


1. A theological and catechetical reform to rethink and reformulate the faith in a coherent manner to our contemporaries.A faith that no longer means anything, it gives meaning to existence, is nothing more than an ornament, useless superstructure falls herself. This is the case today.


2. A pastoral reform to rethink from top to bottom inherited structures.


3. A spiritual reform to revitalize the mystique and rethink the sacraments in order to give an existential dimension, to articulate with life.


Have a lot to say about that. The Church today is too formal, too formal. One has the impression that the institution asphyxiation charisma and that what ultimately counts is purely external stability, honesty surface, some facade. Do not run the risk that one day Jesus will try to "whitewashed tombs"?


Finally, I suggest the convening of a general synod of the church universal level, with the participation of all Christians, Catholics and others to discuss frankly and clearly the points made above and those that are proposed. That synod, which lasted three years, ending with a general-we avoid the term "council" - to synthesize the results of this research and draw conclusions from there.


End, Holy Father, asking forgiveness for my frankness and boldness, and ask your paternal blessing. Let me also say that I live these days in his company, thanks to the extraordinary book "Jesus of Nazareth", which is the subject of my spiritual reading and meditation daily.

 
Yours faithfully in the Lord,P. Henri Boulad, s.j.henriboulad@yahoo.com



[Translation from the Original below]:




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Henri Boulad, un jesuita egipcio, lanza un SOS en una carta al Papa
El jesuita egipcio más destacado en los ámbitos eclesial e intelectual, Henri Boulad, lanza un SOS para la Iglesia de hoy en una carta dirigida a Benedicto XVI. La misiva ha sido transmitida a través de la Nunciatura en El Cairo. El texto circula en medios eclesiales de todo el mundo.
Santo Padre:

Me atrevo a dirigirme directamente a Usted, pues mi corazón sangra al ver el abismo en el que se está precipitando nuestra Iglesia. Sabrá disculpar mi franqueza filial, inspirada a la vez por "la libertad de los hijos de Dios" a la que nos invita San Pablo, y por mi amor apasionado por la Iglesia.

Le agradeceré también sepa disculpar el tono alarmista de esta carta, pues creo que "son menos cinco" y que la situación no puede esperar más.

Permítame en primer lugar presentarme. Jesuita egipcio-libanés de rito melquita, pronto cumpliré 78 años. Desde hace tres años soy rector del colegio de los jesuitas en El Cairo, tras haber desempeñado los siguientes cargos: superior de los jesuitas en Alejandría, superior regional de los jesuitas de Egipto, profesor de teología en El Cairo, director de Caritas-Egipto y vicepresidente de Caritas Internationalis para Oriente Medio y África del Norte.

Conozco muy bien a la jerarquía católica de Egipto por haber participado durante muchos años en sus reuniones como Presidente de los superiores religiosos de institutos en Egipto. Tengo relaciones muy cercanas con cada uno de ellos, algunos de los cuales son antiguos alumnos míos. Por otra parte, conozco personalmente al Papa Chenouda III, al que veía con frecuencia. En cuanto a la jerarquía católica de Europa, tuve ocasión de encontrarme personalmente muchas veces con alguno de sus miembros, como el cardenal Koening, el cardenal Schönborn, el cardenal Martini, el cardenal Daneels, el Arzobispo Kothgasser, los obispos diocesanos Kapellari y Küng, los demás obispos austríacos y otros obispos de otros países europeos. Estos encuentros se producen con ocasión de mis viajes anuales para dar conferencias por Europa: Austria, Alemania, Suiza, Hungría, Francia Bélgica... En estos recorridos me dirijo a auditorios muy diversos y a los media (periódicos, radios, televisiones...). Lo mismo hago en Egipto y en Oriente Próximo.

He visitado unos cincuenta países en los cuatro continentes y he publicado unos treinta libros en unas quince lenguas, sobre todo en francés, árabe, húngaro y alemán. De los trece libros en esta lengua, quizá haya leído Usted "Gottessöhne, Gottestöchter" [Hijos, hijas de Dios], que le hizo llegar su amigo el P. Erich Fink de Baviera.
No digo esto para presumir, sino para decirle sencillamente que mis intenciones se fundan en un conocimiento real de la Iglesia universal y de su situación actual, en 2009.

Vuelvo al motivo de esta carta, intentaré ser lo más breve, claro y objetivo posible. En primer lugar, unas cuantas constataciones (la lista no es exhaustiva):

*1. La práctica religiosa está en constante declive. Un número cada vez más reducido de personas de la tercera edad, que desaparecerán enseguida, son las que frecuentan las iglesias de Europa y de Canadá. No quedará más remedio que cerrar dichas iglesias o transformarlas en museos, en mezquitas, en clubs o en bibliotecas municipales, como ya se hace. Lo que me sorprende es que muchas de ellas están siendo completamente renovadas y modernizadas mediante grandes gastos con idea de atraer a los fieles. Pero no es esto lo que frenará el éxodo.

*2. Seminarios y noviciados se vacían al mismo ritmo, y las vocaciones caen en picado. El futuro es más bien sombrío y uno se pregunta quién tomará el relevo. Cada vez más parroquias europeas están a cargo de sacerdotes de Asia o de África.

*3. Muchos sacerdotes abandonan el sacerdocio y los pocos que lo ejercen aún -cuya edad media sobrepasa a menudo la de la jubilación- tienen que encargarse de muchas parroquias, de modo expeditivo y administrativo. Muchos de ellos, tanto en Europa como en el Tercer Mundo, viven en concubinato a la vista de sus fieles, que normalmente los aceptan, y de su obispo, que no puede aceptarlo, pero teniendo en cuenta la escasez de sacerdotes.

*4. El lenguaje de la Iglesia es obsoleto, anacrónico, aburrido, repetitivo, moralizante, totalmente inadaptado a nuestra época. No se trata en absoluto de acomodarse ni de hacer demagogia, pues el mensaje del Evangelio debe presentarse en toda su crudeza y exigencia. Se necesitaría más bien proceder a esa "nueva evangelización" a la que nos invitaba Juan Pablo II. Pero ésta, a diferencia de lo que muchos piensan, no consiste en absoluto en repetir la antigua, que ya no dice nada, sino en innovar, inventar un nuevo lenguaje que exprese la fe de modo apropiado y que tenga significado para el hombre de hoy.

*5. Esto no podrá hacerse más que mediante una renovación en profundidad de la teología y de la catequética, que deberían repensarse y reformularse totalmente. Un sacerdote y religioso alemán que encontré recientemente me decía que la palabra "mística" no estaba mencionada ni una sola vez en "El nuevo Catecismo". No lo podía creer. Hemos de constatar que nuestra fe es muy cerebral, abstracta, dogmática y se dirige muy poco al corazón y al cuerpo.

*6. En consecuencia, un gran número de cristianos se vuelven hacia las religiones de Asia, las sectas, la new-age, las iglesias evangélicas, el ocultismo, etcétera. No es de extrañar. Van a buscar en otra parte el alimento que no encuentran en casa, tienen la impresión de que les damos piedras como si fuera pan. La fe cristiana que en otro tiempo otorgaba sentido a la vida de la gente, resulta para ellos hoy un enigma, restos de un pasado acabado.

*7. En el plano moral y ético, los dictámenes del Magisterio, repetidos a la saciedad, sobre el matrimonio, la contracepción, el aborto, la eutanasia, la homosexualidad, el matrimonio de los sacerdotes, los divorciados vueltos a casar, etcétera, no afectan ya a nadie y sólo producen dejadez e indiferencia. Todos estos problemas morales y pastorales merecen algo más que declaraciones categóricas. Necesitan un tratamiento pastoral, sociológico, psicológico, humano... en una línea más evangélica.

*8. La Iglesia católica, que ha sido la gran educadora de Europa durante siglos, parece olvidar que esta Europa ha llegado a la madurez. Nuestra Europa adulta no quiere ser tratada como menor de edad. El estilo paternalista de una Iglesia "Mater et Magistra" está definitivamente desfasado y ya no sirve hoy. Los cristianos han aprendido a pensar por sí mismos y no están dispuestos a tragarse cualquier cosa.

*9. Las naciones más católicas de antes -Francia, "primogénita de la Iglesia " o el Canadá francés ultracatólico- han dado un giro de 180º y han caído en el ateísmo, el anticlericalismo, el agnosticismo, la indiferencia. En el caso de otras naciones europeas, el proceso está en marcha. Se puede constatar que cuanto más dominado y protegido por la Iglesia ha estado un pueblo en el pasado, más fuerte es la reacción contra ella.

*10. El diálogo con las demás iglesias y religiones está en preocupante retroceso hoy. Los grandes progresos realizados desde hace medio siglo están en entredicho en este momento.

Frente a esta constatación casi demoledora, la reacción de la iglesia es doble:
- Tiende a minimizar la gravedad de la situación y a consolarse constatando cierto repunte en su facción más tradicional y en los países del tercer mundo.
- Apela a la confianza en el Señor, que la ha sostenido durante veinte siglos y será muy capaz de ayudarla a superar esta nueva crisis, como lo ha hecho con las precedentes. ¿Acaso no tiene promesas de vida eterna?

A esto respondo:
- No es apoyándose en el pasado ni recogiendo sus migajas como se resolverán los problemas de hoy y de mañana.
- La aparente vitalidad de las Iglesias del tercer mundo es equívoca. Según parece, estas nuevas Iglesias atravesarán pronto o tarde por las mismas crisis que ha conocido la vieja cristiandad europea.
- La Modernidad es irreversible y por haberlo olvidado es por lo que la Iglesia se encuentra hoy en semejante crisis. El Vaticano II intentó recuperar cuatro siglos de retraso, pero se tiene la impresión que la Iglesia está cerrando lentamente las puertas que se abrieron entonces, y tentada de volverse hacia Trento y Vaticano I, más que hacia Vaticano III. Recordemos la declaración de Juan Pablo II tantas veces repetida: "No hay alternativa al Vaticano II".
- ¿Hasta cuándo seguiremos jugando a la política del avestruz y a esconder la cabeza en la arena? ¿Hasta cuándo evitaremos mirar las cosas de frente? ¿Hasta cuándo seguiremos dando la espalda, crispándonos contra toda crítica, en lugar de ver ahí una oportunidad de renovación? ¿Hasta cuándo continuaremos posponiendo ad calendas graecas una reforma que se impone y que se ha abandonado demasiado tiempo?

- Sólo mirando decididamente hacia delante y no hacia atrás la Iglesia cumplirá su misión de ser "luz del mundo, sal de la tierra, levadura en la pasta". Sin embargo, o que constatamos desgraciadamente hoy es que la Iglesia está en la cola de nuestra época, después de haber sido la locomotora durante siglos.
- Repito lo que decía al principio de esta carta: "¡SON MENOS CINCO!" -¡fünf vor zwölf!- La Historia no espera, sobre todo en nuestra época, en que el ritmo se embala y se acelera.
- Toda operación comercial que constata un déficit o disfunción se reconsidera inmediatamente, se reúne a expertos, intenta recuperarse, se movilizan todas sus energías para superar la crisis.
- ¿Por qué la Iglesia no hace otro tanto? ¿Por qué no moviliza a todas sus fuerzas vivas para un aggiornamento radical? ¿Por qué?
- ¿Por pereza, dejadez, orgullo, falta de imaginación, de creatividad, quietismo culpable, en la esperanza de que el Señor se las arreglará y que la Iglesia ha conocido otras crisis en el pasado?
- Cristo, en el Evangelio, nos pone en guardia: "Los hijos de las tinieblas gestionan mucho mejor sus asuntos que los hijos de la luz..."

ENTONCES, QUÉ HACER?.... La Iglesia tiene hoy una necesidad imperiosa y urgente de una TRIPLE REFORMA:

1. Una reforma teológica y catequética para repensar la fe y reformularla de modo coherente para nuestros contemporáneos.
Una fe que ya no significa nada, que no da sentido a la existencia, no es más que un adorno, una superestructura inútil que cae de sí misma. Es el caso actual.

2. Una reforma pastoral para repensar de cabo a rabo las estructuras heredadas del pasado.

3. Una reforma espiritual para revitalizar la mística y repensar los sacramentos con vistas a darles una dimensión existencial, a articularlos con la vida.

Tendría mucho que decir sobre esto. La Iglesia de hoy es demasiado formal, demasiado formalista. Se tiene la impresión de que la institución asfixia el carisma y que lo que finalmente cuenta es una estabilidad puramente exterior, una honestidad superficial, cierta fachada. ¿No corremos el riesgo de que un día Jesús nos trate de "sepulcros blanqueados"?

Para terminar, sugiero la convocatoria de un sínodo general a nivel de la iglesia universal, en el que participaran todos los cristianos -católicos y otros- para examinar con toda franqueza y claridad los puntos señalados más arriba y los que se propusieran. Tal sínodo, que duraría tres años, se terminaría con una asamblea general -evitemos el término "concilio"- que sintetizara los resultados de esta investigación y sacara de ahí las conclusiones.

Termino, Santo Padre, pidiéndole perdón por mi franqueza y audacia y solicito vuestra paternal bendición. Permítame también decirle que vivo estos días en su compañía, gracias a su extraordinario libro "Jesús de Nazareth", que es objeto de mi lectura espiritual y de meditación cotidiana.

 Suyo afectísimo en el Señor,
P. Henri Boulad, s.j.

Sunday, March 07, 2010

Behind Haiti's Extreme Poverty ...and Who Is Aristide? [UPDATED]




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"Those who profess to favor freedom
and yet deprecate agitation

are men who want crops without
plowing up the ground;
they want rain without thunder and
lightning.
They want the ocean without the
awful roar of its waters.
This struggle may be a moral one
or it may be a physical one

or it may be both moral and physical
but it must be a struggle.
Power concedes nothing without a
demand
It never did, and never will." – Frederick Douglass
,
American Abolitionist, Lecturer, Author and Slave, 1817-1895)






“The HISTORY of an oppressed people is hidden in the lies and the agreed myth of its conquerors.” - Meridel Le Sueur, American writer, 1900-1996

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Behind Haiti’s extreme poverty: France, U.S. looted first Black republic
By Abayomi Azikiwe , Editor, Pan-African News Wire


Jan 20, 2010

A devastating earthquake struck Haiti on Jan. 12, leaving millions homeless and without food, shelter, clothing, medicines and water.


Various estimates indicate that anywhere between 100,000 and 500,000 people may have died as a result of the quake. An accurate assessment may take months to document. Messages of condolence, support and solidarity have poured into Haiti from throughout the world.


Various states and organizations have responded to the current situation there. The Cubans, with more than 400 medical personnel already inside the country, are providing care in field hospitals.


China has sent rescue teams to assist in finding people trapped under collapsed buildings and homes. Numerous states and nongovernmental organizations are on the ground providing assistance to the Haitian people, who are exercising a high degree of discipline and self-organization.


Corporate media reports have sought to portray Haiti as a “failed state” with weak or non-existent institutions. The Obama administration’s initiative, which includes the deployment of 10,000 troops and the allocation of $100 million, must be viewed within the broader historical context of U.S. foreign policy toward Haiti.


Despite the pledges of U.S. governmental assistance, to be coordinated by former presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, the world’s leading imperialist power has a history of more than two centuries of suppressing the Haitian people’s right of self-determination and national independence.


Significance of Haitian Revolution
Haiti was the most prosperous of all the French colonies during the period of slavery. The production of sugar, coffee and other agricultural products brought tremendous profits to the colonial landowners on the island of Hispaniola, which today encompasses both the Dominican Republic and Haiti. At the time of an uprising on Aug. 14, 1791, led by Boukman, more than 500,000 enslaved Africans and thousands more free Blacks and people of mixed race lived in Haiti.


During the rebellion of 1791, more than 200 sugar plantations, 600 coffee plantations and 200 indigo plantations were liberated by the Haitian masses. Some 12,000 people died during this period, including 2,000 European settlers.


When Columbus visited the island in 1492, the indigenous population was estimated at from 1 million to 3 million. Some 43 years later, no more than 500 of the original inhabitants were left.


For three centuries, French, Spanish and British colonialists competed for dominance over the island. At the time of Haiti’s independence from France in 1804, Spain still controlled the island’s eastern part.


The slave owners of the United States and of Britain’s colonies in the Caribbean saw the Haitian Revolution as a serious threat to their system. In 1799, Edward Stevens, the U.S. consul general to France’s colony there, wrote to Gen. Thomas Maitland, commander in chief of the British Expeditionary Force, warning that Britain’s colony of Jamaica as well as the United States were in danger of an invasion by the armed forces of Gen. Toussaint L’Ouverture.


After the proclamation of independence on Jan. 1, 1804, France and the United States both blockaded Haiti. France refused to recognize the Republic of Haiti and in 1825 the Haitians had to begin paying “indemnity” to the former colonial power for claims related to the destruction and seizure of the slave masters’ property during the revolutionary period of 1791-1803.


France’s defeat in Haiti caused tremendous financial losses for the colonial power, prompting it to sell land — the Louisiana Purchase — that allowed the U.S. to expand its control over large sections of North America.


The U.S. position at the time was exemplified by South Carolina Sen. Robert V. Hayne, who said that “Our policy with regard to Haiti is plain. We never can acknowledge her independence.” (“Haiti: A Slave Revolution,” p. 104)


It was not until 1862, during the Civil War, that the U.S. recognized Haiti. However, France maintained economic dominance over Haiti during the 19th century. When the Haitian National Bank was established in the 1880s, it was overseen by French officers and financed with French capital.


France remained the principal neocolonial power in Haiti until 1915, when the U.S. invaded and occupied the country. A guerrilla campaign organized by the Haitian masses was crushed by the U.S. imperialists. Even after the Roosevelt administration withdrew from Haiti in 1934, the U.S. continued to have enormous influence inside the country.


The regimes of Papa Doc and Baby Doc Duvalier further extended the exploitation of Haitian labor and state militarization from the 1950s through the 1980s. The Haitian masses rose up in rebellion in February 1986 and forced the resignation of the Duvalier regime. However, the absence of a well-organized political party or coalition allowed the military to take the reins of power.


The social process that unfolded from 1986 to 1990 saw a sharpening of the political situation inside the country. In 1990 a former priest (Salesians of Don Bosco, see below article - Bert)Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected to office with the overwhelming support of the working class and the poor. 


President Aristide was overthrown by the U.S.-trained and CIA-backed Haitian military in 1991. The Aristide government had not come to power through force of arms. As soon as he sent volunteers to Scandinavian countries for military training, the army and police pushed Aristide aside. Presumably for his safety, the U.S. flew him to the mainland. Aristide continued to push for the restoration of his government while living in exile in the United States.


A naval blockade set up in 1992 under the first Bush administration to prevent Haitians from entering Florida was continued under the Clinton presidency. This racist immigration policy is still enforced.


The U.S. restored Aristide to the presidency in 1994 on condition that he would remain in office for just one year. In December 1995, with only 25 percent of the voters going to the polls, Rene Preval was elected.


In 2000, the popular Aristide ran again and was elected, to the great consternation of the United States. In 2003, opposition parties supported by the U.S. engaged in a massive destabilization campaign against the Aristide government, including military attacks on government offices.


On Feb. 29, 2004, U.S. military forces kidnapped President Aristide and deposed his government. Under the guise of a humanitarian mission, thousands of imperialist troops from the U.S., France and Canada occupied Haiti.


The U.S. flew President Aristide to the Central African Republic. A coordinated campaign launched by the International Action Center and the Congressional Black Caucus Haiti Task Force demanded his release. This led to his relocation in the Republic of South Africa, where he remains to this day. South Africa, led by the African National Congress, had been the only state to send its president to Haiti in January 2004 for the bicentennial celebrations.


The U.S. later convinced the United Nations to establish a military mission in Haiti known as MINUSTAH. Thousands of so-called peacekeepers, led by Brazilian troops, took over the occupation of the country. Numerous violations of the rights of Haitian people have occurred under the U.N. presence.


Need for another revolutionary upsurge
MINUSTAH forces targeted members and supporters of Fanmi Lavalas, the political party loyal to President Aristide. Many were harassed, imprisoned, driven into exile and even murdered.


In early 2008 food rebellions, strikes and clashes with the U.N. forces and the Haitian police gained international attention. This social situation was a manifestation of the deepening world crisis of finance capital that had begun the previous year in the United States.


In the early months of 2009, general strikes and rebellions in Guadeloupe and Martinique exposed the continuing role of French imperialism in the Caribbean. Nonetheless, as a result of the militancy of the trade union organizations and youth on these islands, workers won significant wage increases and an improvement of working conditions.


In Haiti during this time, mass demonstrations took place on the anniversary of the coup against Aristide. Some 10,000 supporters of Fanmi Lavalas took to the streets demanding an end to the United Nations occupation and the restoration of the elected government that had been overthrown five years earlier.


Less than two weeks later, another series of protests took place which sought to lift the ban on candidates supporting exiled President Aristide.


According to Haiti Action, a solidarity organization headquartered in the Bay Area of California, “Over 10,000 pro-democracy activists took to the streets of Haiti’s capital, once again, to demand the return of President Aristide, who was kidnapped by U.S. officials five years ago.” (Haitiaction.net, March 12, 2009)


While these events unfolded in Haiti, the International Action Center in the United States conducted an online petition drive against a U.S. deportation order affecting 30,000 Haitians. In the aftermath of the Jan. 12 earthquake, President Barack Obama has temporarily lifted the deportation order, pending the outcome of the current humanitarian crisis.


However, as a result of the quake and the presence of U.S. troops, the present situation in Haiti can only be resolved through the independent actions of the masses of workers and youth inside the country. Anti-imperialists and solidarity activists in the United States must also demand that the deportation orders be lifted permanently against Haitians.


In addition, those seeking to truly stabilize the political situation in Haiti should demand the restoration of President Aristide to power. Immediately after the quake, Aristide said he was prepared to return to Haiti as soon as possible.


Haiti should be paid reparations for the years of exploitation and oppression imposed by the United States, France, Canada and the United Nations. The imperialist powers have severely hampered Haiti’s ability to become self-reliant and truly independent.


The imperialist-imposed policies that have underdeveloped Haiti for more than two centuries are the root cause of the poverty and unemployment. The collapse of the agricultural sector derives from neocolonial policies designed to preserve the country as a vast reservoir of cheap labor for the capitalist corporations operating there.


With the erosion of agricultural production in the rural areas, the masses were forced to relocate in the urban centers, resulting in tremendous overcrowding along with an acute shortage of housing. With an earthquake of such magnitude and the determination of the U.S. to dominate the relief efforts, poverty will inevitably increase in Haiti.


Who will rebuild Haiti and on what basis? 
Any real progress toward reconstruction has to place the masses of workers and farmers at the center of the process. There is no doubt this earthquake has done horrible damage to the Haitian people and the underdeveloped infrastructure. Nevertheless, the current situation provides an opportunity for the workers and youth to exercise independent self-organization based upon their own class and national interests, even as they struggle for survival.


Source: http://www.iacenter.org/haiti/haiti_poverty012310/


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“I helped the poor and they called me a saint, I asked why they were poor and they called me a Communist’ – Brazilian Bishop Helder Camara (1909-1999)




Is Aristide Still a Priest?What the Vatican thinks of the Haitian ruler.

By Brendan I. Koerner

Reports on the Haitian rebellion often mention that embattled President Jean-Bertrand Aristide got his political start as a Roman Catholic priest. Is Aristide, who was first elected in 1990, still a priest?

According to Catholic doctrine, a priest remains a priest forever. But in practical terms, Aristide was released from the obligations of the priesthood when he resigned in 1994, and he'd been inactive in Church affairs since a 1988 controversy. Ordained in 1983, Aristide quickly became popular among the poor of Port-Au-Prince for his radical sermons, which usually inveighed against the greed and corruption of then-President Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier

Despite Duvalier's overthrow in 1986, Aristide continued with his fiery, populist rhetoric, including strong criticisms of the United States and the Catholic hierarchy. This displeased higher-ups among the Salesians, the religious order to which Aristide belonged. Though historically active in politics, the Salesians viewed Aristide's beliefs as dangerously left-wing. In addition, Aristide had expressed a strong interest in liberation theology, which the Salesians similarly frowned upon.

The religious order at first tried simply to coax Aristide into excising political commentary from his sermons. Later, it attempted to transfer him to another parish but was forced to rescind the order after several parishioners engaged in a hunger strike. The last straw came in 1988, when Aristide's church was firebombed, presumably by former Tonton Macoutes officers bent on intimidating the Haitian left. 

The Salesians ordered Aristide to pack for a Canadian parish; when he refused to leave, he was expelled from the order. His ostensible crimes, according to the Salesians, included his "glorification of class struggle, in direct opposition to the teachings of the Church," as well as "using religion to incite hatred and violence."

A priest can only practice if he is a member of a religious order or has the permission of the local bishop. Since Aristide had neither, he was out of luck. Still, he remained extremely popular among Haiti's desperately poor and swept to an easy victory in the 1990 election. He campaigned under the nickname "the little priest."

Despite his ejection by the Salesians, Aristide technically remained a member of the priesthood throughout his first few years in office. But the Vatican frowns upon the notion of priests holding political office and exerted considerable behind-the-scenes pressure on Aristide to officially quit the priesthood. Rumors swirled that the church even threatened excommunication unless Aristide relented—which he finally did in November of 1994.